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米诺斯文明Wiki百科词条自译-1

时光幻象 Time-Illusion:

我的口语课终于结束了,现在终于把难产许久的米诺斯1搞好了


之前因为上课各种忙,种种原因交织之下没有什么翻译的动力,这篇里面有些段落也比较枯燥而且复杂,在进一步拉长工期的同时加大了出错概率,欢迎指正


米诺斯部分内容推荐视频:亚特兰蒂斯 


非常棒的一部片子!很有米诺斯的感觉【女主小姐姐各种美,特效良心


废话就说这些了,正文现在开始


 


The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean islands which flourished from about 2600 to 1100 BC. It preceded the Mycenaean civilization of Ancient Greece. The civilization was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Arthur Evans. It has been described as the earliest of its kind in Europe, with historian Will Durant calling the Minoans "the first link in the European chain".


米诺斯文明是爱琴海地区青铜时代的文明,约公元前2600至前1100年在克里特岛和爱琴地区的其他海岛蓬勃发展。它先于古希腊的迈锡尼文明。这个文明在二十世纪初由于英国考古学家Arthur Evans【见注1】的努力而被重新发现。它被描述为欧洲同类文明的最早范例,历史学家Will Durant【见注2】称克里特文明为“欧洲文明链的第一环”。


 


【注1】Arthur Evans:亚瑟·伊文斯(1851-1941),英国考古学家,是米诺斯文明研究的先驱。


【注2】Will Durant:威尔·杜兰特(1885-1981),美国作家、历史学家、哲学家,著有《文明的故事》


 


The term "Minoan", which refers to the mythical King Minos, originally described the pottery of the period. Minos was associated in Greek mythology with the labyrinth and the Minotaur, which Evans identified with the site at Knossos (the largest Minoan site). According to Homer, Crete once had 90 cities.


所谓“Minoan”,本意指传说中的米诺斯王,最初用于描述这一时期的陶器。米诺斯也与希腊神话中的迷宫和牛头人联系起来,之后伊文斯找到了克诺索斯遗址(最大的米诺斯文化遗址)。根据荷马史诗所记载,克里特岛一度拥有90座城市。


 


The Minoan period saw trade between Crete and Aegean and Mediterranean settlements, particularly the Near East. Through their traders and artists, the Minoan cultural influence reached beyond Crete to the Cyclades, Egypt's Old Kingdom, copper-bearing Cyprus, Canaan and the Levantine coast, and Anatolia. Some of its best art is preserved in the city of Akrotiri on the island of Santorini, which was destroyed by the Thera eruption.


米诺斯时期建立了克里特岛,爱琴海和地中海沿岸城市之间的贸易,尤其是近东地区。通过他们商人和艺术家的传播,米诺斯文化的影响从克里特岛一直到基克拉迪群岛【见注1】,埃及古王国,塞浦路斯的铜产地、迦南【见注2】和地中海东部沿岸,甚至安纳托利亚地区。一些最为优秀的艺术品保存在圣托里尼岛上的阿克罗蒂里市,这座城市被锡拉火山的爆发【见注3】所摧毁。


 


【注1】基克拉迪群岛:希腊最重要的群岛,位于爱琴海中,克里特岛以北。著名的圣托里尼岛位于这组群岛的最南部。


【注2】迦南:巴勒斯坦,叙利亚,黎巴嫩等地的古称。


【注3】:锡拉岛是圣托里尼岛的别称,此岛为一环形的火山岛。近年来的研究表明,岛上的火山在公元前1600年左右曾发生猛烈喷发(被认为是人类历史上威力最大的火山喷发之一),可能直接导致了米诺斯文明的衰落与灭亡;这一事件也被认为可能是柏拉图亚特兰蒂斯传说的原型。


 


Although the Minoan language and writing systems (Linear A) remain undecipherable and are subjects of academic dispute, they apparently conveyed a language entirely different from the later Greek. The reason for the end of the Minoan period (around 1,400 BC) is unclear; theories include Mycenaean invasions from mainland Greece and a volcanic eruption of Thera.


虽然米诺斯的语言与书写系统(线形文字A)仍然无法破译,在学术研究方面也是众说纷纭,但很显然米诺斯人使用的语言与之后的希腊完全不同。米诺斯时期终结的原因(约公元前1400年)至今不明;有关推测包括希腊本土的迈锡尼人入侵和锡拉岛的火山喷发。


 


 


1.Etymology


1.词源说明


The term "Minoan" refers to the mythical King Minos of Knossos. Its origin is debated, but it is commonly attributed to archeologist Arthur Evans (1851–1941). Minos was associated in Greek mythology with the labyrinth, which Evans identified with the site at Knossos. However, Karl Hoeck had already used the title Das Minoische Kreta in 1825 for volume two of his Kreta; this appears to be the first known use of the word "Minoan" to mean "ancient Cretan". 


单词“Minoan”指传说中的米诺斯王克诺索斯。它的最初来源至今仍有争议,但通常归于考古学家Arthur Evans(1851–1941)。弥诺斯是希腊神话中的迷宫,伊文斯确定它在克诺索斯遗址【见注1】。然而,Karl Hoeck【见注2】在1825年已经使用“Das Minoische Kreta”【见注3】作为他系列著作《克里特》第二卷的标题;这似乎是已知最早使用“米诺斯”来表示“古代克里特岛”的例子。


 


【注1】克诺索斯遗址:位于今克里特岛北部,被考古学家亚瑟·伊文斯发现;并于1900年左右开始发掘,是米诺斯文明最为重要的遗址。


【注2】Karl Hoeck:卡尔·霍克(1794-1877),德国古典历史学家,哲学家,文学家。他的《克里特》系列三卷分别在1823,1828和1829年出版。


【注3】:此为德语,意为“克里特岛的米诺斯”(来源:百度翻译),“Kreta”是克里特岛的德文名。


 


Evans probably read Hoeck's book, and continued using the term in his writings and findings:"To this early civilization of Crete as a whole I have proposed—and the suggestion has been generally adopted by the archaeologists of this and other countries—to apply the name 'Minoan'." Evans said that he applied it, not invented it. Hoeck, with no idea that the archaeological Crete had existed, had in mind the Crete of mythology. Although Evans' 1931 claim that the term was "unminted" before he used it was called a "brazen suggestion" by Karadimas and Momigliano, he coined its archaeological meaning.


伊文斯可能读过霍克的著作,并继续使用他著作和研究成果中的术语:“我推断,早期的克里特岛文明是一个整体——这个观点也已经得到了多国考古学家的通过——为了申请这个名字“米诺斯”。”伊文斯解释他只是应用了它,并没有发明它。霍克并不知道克里特岛已经开展了考古发掘,他所知的只有克里特神话。尽管伊文斯在1931年解释称这个词语在它使用之前“未被使用过”,尽管这被Karadimas和Momigliano【见注】称为“无耻的说辞”,他仍然创造了这个考古学意义。


 


【注】Momigliano:全名Nicoletta Momigliano,妮可·米格利亚,当代意大利女考古学家,专长为克里特及雅典。


*此段较为晦涩,怀疑翻译有误。欢迎指正


 


2.Chronology and history


2.纪年与历史


Instead of dating the Minoan period, archaeologists use two systems of relative chronology. The first, created by Evans and modified by later archaeologists, is based on pottery styles and imported Egyptian artifacts (which can be correlated with the chronology of Ancient Egypt). Evans' system divides the Minoan period into three major eras: early (EM), middle (MM) and late (LM). These eras are subdivided—for example, Early Minoan I, II and III (EMI, EMII, EMIII).


为了划分米诺斯文明时期,考古学家使用两套相对年代的系统。第一个由伊文斯确立,并经过了后续考古学家的优化,划分的依据基于陶器风格和埃及的进口物品(这可以与古埃及年表相呼应)。伊文斯的系统把米诺安文化划分为三个主要时期:早期(Early Minoan),中期(Middle Minoan)和晚期(Late Minoan)。这些主要时期还会继续细分,例如早米诺斯I段,II段和III段(Early Minoan I/II/III)


Another dating system, proposed by Greek archaeologist Nicolas Platon, is based on the development of architectural complexes known as "palaces" at Knossos, Phaistos, Malia and Kato Zakros. Platon divides the Minoan period into pre-, proto-, neo- and post-palatial sub-periods. The relationship between the systems in the table includes approximate calendar dates from Warren and Hankey (1989).


另一套年代划分系统由希腊考古学家Nicolas Platon【见注1】提出,它基于位于克诺索斯,费斯托斯,马利亚和扎克罗斯被称为“宫殿”的持续发展的建筑群【见注2】。Platon将米诺斯时期分为前、早、新、后宫殿时期。下表中系统间的关系包括来自Warren和Hankey(1989)中近似的年份日期*。


 


【注1】Nicolas Platon:尼古拉斯·普拉顿(1909-1992),希腊考古学家,发现了扎克罗斯宫殿,并拟定了以宫殿建设对米诺斯文化进行分期的方法。


【注2】克里特岛上目前发现了克诺索斯,费斯托斯,马利亚和扎克罗斯四座米诺斯文化的大型宫殿,其中克诺索斯和马利亚位于北岸,费斯托斯位于南岸,扎克罗斯位于东岸。


*处存疑,未找到相关出处


 




Minoan chronology


2500–2400 BC


EMI


Prepalatial


2300–2100 BC


EMII


2100–2000 BC


EMIII


2000–1900 BC


MMIA


1900–1850 BC


MMIB


Protopalatial
(Old Palace Period)


1850–? BC


MMIIA


 ?–1750 BC


MMIIB


Neopalatial
(New Palace Period)


1700/1750–1600 BC


MMIIIA


1600–1550 BC


MMIIIB


1550–1500 BC


LMIA


1500–1450 BC


LMIB


Postpalatial
(at Knossos;
Final Palace Period)


1450–1400 BC


LMII


1400–1300 BC


LMIIIA


1300–1200 BC


LMIIIB


 


米诺斯年表


公元前2500–前2400


米诺斯早期I段


前宫殿时期


公元前2300–前2100 


米诺斯早期II段


公元前2100–前2000 


米诺斯早期III段


公元前2000–前1900 


米诺斯中期I段A段


公元前1900–前1850 


米诺斯中期I段B段


原宫殿时期
(旧宫殿时期)


公元前1850–前? 


米诺斯中期II段A段


 公元前?–前1750


米诺斯中期II段B段


新宫殿时期
(新宫殿时期)


公元前1700/1750–前1600


米诺斯中期III段A段


公元前1600–前1550


米诺斯中期III段B段


公元前1550–前1500


米诺斯晚期I段A段


公元前1500–前1450


米诺斯晚期I段B段


后宫殿时期
(克诺索斯称为最终宫殿时期)


公元前1450–前1400


米诺斯晚期II段


公元前1400–前1300


米诺斯晚期III段A段


公元前1300–前1200


米诺斯晚期III段B段




 


 


The Thera eruption occurred during a mature phase of the LM IA period. Efforts to establish the volcanic eruption's date have been controversial. Radiocarbon dating has indicated a date in the late 17th century BC; this conflicts with estimates by archaeologists, who synchronize the eruption with conventional Egyptian chronology for a date of 1525–1500 BC. The eruption is identified as a natural event catastrophic for the culture, leading to its rapid collapse.


锡拉火山的喷发发生在米诺斯文明的成熟阶段,即米诺斯晚期I段A段(公元前1550-前1500年)。确立火山喷发时间的研究仍未达成统一结论。放射性碳年代测定指明了一个公元前17世纪底的日期;但这与考古学家的估计相矛盾:他们将火山喷发与传统的埃及年表同步,后者确定的时间是公元前1525 - 1500年。这次火山喷发是一场不折不扣的自然灾难,对米诺斯文化造成了毁灭性打击,导致了它的迅速崩溃。

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