天国养老院

时光幻象 Time-Illusion:

难产了好久的迦太基3

应该是寒假最后一更了，马上开学又要到长草期了，4月份还有专四考试，我估计下一次更新要到五一了 谁说大学清闲了看我不打死他

我还是对战争和这一部分的历史不太熟悉，欢迎捉虫哈哈哈哈

顺便一提，本次翻译开始，前文中的“锡拉库扎”全部以古名“叙拉古”代替，古名放在此处更加容易理解，且相较于今名更有知名度

下面是正文，大家五月再见啦←你滚

 

1-3-2.Second Sicilian War

By 410 BC, Carthage had recovered after serious defeats. It had conquered much of modern-day Tunisia, strengthened and founded new colonies in North Africa; Hanno the Navigator had made his journey down the African coast, and Himilco the Navigator had explored the European Atlantic coast. Expeditions were also led into Morocco and Senegal, as well as into the Atlantic. In the same year, the Iberian colonies seceded, cutting off Carthage's major supply of silver and copper, while Hannibal Mago, the grandson of Hamilcar, began preparations to reclaim Sicily.

1-3-2.第二次西西里战争

到公元前410年，迦太基在大败后逐渐恢复了元气。当时它已经控制了今突尼斯领土的大部，在北非建立并巩固了新的殖民地，航海家汉诺【见注1】也完成了对非洲西海岸的探索，另一位航海家西米尔科【见注2】也已经完成了对欧洲大西洋沿岸的探索。与大西洋沿岸类似的探索也在摩洛哥与塞内加尔进行。同年，伊比利亚殖民地宣布脱离迦太基，使得迦太基的银与铜供应渠道骤然减少，而此时汉尼拔·马格，哈米尔卡【见注3】的孙子，开始了对西西里收复战的准备。

 

【注1】汉诺：约生活在公元前5至6世纪的迦太基探险家，因对非洲西部的探索而为人所知，据推测其探索路线最远到达今几内亚湾地区。

【注2】西米尔科：约生活在公元前6世纪晚期的迦太基航海家、探险家，也是已知最早从地中海航行到欧洲西北部海岸的人。

【注3】：此处指上文的迦太基王哈米尔卡。

 

In 409 BC, Hannibal Mago set out for Sicily with his force. He captured the smaller cities of Selinus (modern Selinunte) and Himera before returning triumphantly to Carthage with the spoils of war. But the primary enemy, Syracuse, remained untouched and, in 405 BC, Hannibal Mago led a second Carthaginian expedition to claim the entire island. This time, however, he met with fierce resistance and ill-fortune. 

公元前409年，汉尼拔·马格率军前往西西里。在携带战利品返回迦太基前他已经占领了赛里努斯【见注】治下的一些小城市和希麦拉。然而他的劲敌，锡拉库扎（叙拉古*）却按兵不动，因此在公元前405年汉尼拔·马格率军卷土重来，意欲统一西西里岛。然而这一次，他遇见的却是顽强的抵抗与厄运。

 

【注】赛里努斯：西西里岛西南海岸的希腊殖民城市，人口众多。

*锡拉库扎为此城今名，古名为叙拉古，为方便阅读此后全部使用叙拉古。

 

During the siege of Agrigentum, the Carthaginian forces were ravaged by plague, Hannibal Mago himself succumbing to it. Although his successor, Himilco, successfully extended the campaign by breaking a Greek siege - capturing the city of Gela and repeatedly defeating the army of Dionysius, the new tyrant of Syracuse - he, too, was weakened by the plague and forced to sue for peace before returning to Carthage.

在Agrigentum【见注1】攻城战期间，迦太基军队遭遇了瘟疫，马格本人对此也无能为力，尽管他的继任者西米尔克在打破了希腊军的围困之后改变了战况—占领了杰拉城【见注2】，同时屡屡击败当时叙拉古的新僭主狄奥尼修斯的军队—希腊一方也是瘟疫的受害者，在迦太基军返回之前被迫求和。

 

【注1】Agrigentum：今名Agrigento（阿格里真托），西西里岛南海岸中部的希腊殖民城市，始建于公元前580年左右，至今仍是著名的古代遗迹，因神殿众多故有“众神之谷”之称。

【注2】杰拉：位于阿格里真托以南，始建于公元前688年左右，因其旁的杰拉河而得名。

 

In 398 BC, Dionysius had regained his strength and broke the peace treaty, striking at the Carthaginian stronghold of Motya. Himilco responded decisively, leading an expedition which not only reclaimed Motya, but also captured Messina. Finally, he laid siege to Syracuse itself. The siege was close to a success throughout 397 BC, but in 396 BC plague again ravaged the Carthaginian forces, and they collapsed.

公元前398年，狄奥尼修斯已经恢复元气，他撕毁了和平条约，攻打位于墨提亚的迦太基据点。西米尔克积极回应，率领的远征军不仅收复了墨提亚，还占领了墨西拿【见注】，最终发动了对叙拉古的围城战。经过公元前397年一整年，这场围城战已经接近成功，但到了前396年，瘟疫再一次席卷迦太基军，最终导致了他们的溃败。

 

【注】墨西拿：西西里岛东北部城市，隔墨西拿海峡与亚平宁半岛相望。

 

The fighting in Sicily swung in favor of Carthage in 387 BC. After winning a naval battle off the coast of Catania, Himilco laid siege to Syracuse with 50,000 Carthaginians, but yet another epidemic struck down thousands of them. Dionysius then launched a counterattack by land and sea, and the Syracusans surprised the enemy fleet while most of the crews were ashore, destroying all the Carthaginian ships. At the same time, Dionysius's ground forces stormed the besiegers' lines and routed the Carthaginians. 

公元前387年西西里的一场战斗更打击了迦太基人的信心。在卡塔尼亚海岸附近赢得一场海战胜利后，西米尔克用50000迦太基人围攻叙拉古，然而瘟疫夺去了不少人的性命。狄奥尼修斯随后在陆海两方面发动了反击，叙拉古人在大部分舰队靠岸停泊时发动了突袭，摧毁了所有的迦太基船舰，与此同时狄奥尼修斯的地面部队冲进围城工事，再一次击溃迦太基人。

 

Himilco and his chief officers abandoned their army and fled Sicily. Himilco returned to Carthage in disgrace and was very badly received; he eventually committed suicide by starving himself.

Sicily by this time had become an obsession for Carthage. Over the next fifty years, Carthaginian and Greek forces engaged in a constant series of skirmishes. By 340 BC, Carthage had been pushed entirely into the southwest corner of the island, and an uneasy peace reigned over the island.

西米尔克和他的随从高官弃军逃离西西里岛。他万念俱灰回到迦太基城，最终绝食自尽。

西西里岛此时已经成为迦太基难及的夙愿。在之后的五十年，迦太基和希腊的军队爆发了一系列冲突，直到公元前340年，迦太基最终完成了对这座岛屿的西南部分的控制，西西里全境终于进入来之不易的和平时期。

 

1-3-3.Third Sicilian War

In 315 BC, Agathocles, the tyrant (administrating governor) of Syracuse, seized the city of Messene (present-day Messina). In 311 BC he invaded the last Carthaginian holdings on Sicily, breaking the terms of the current peace treaty, and laid siege to Akragas.

Hamilcar, grandson of Hanno the Great, led the Carthaginian response and met with tremendous success. By 310 BC, he controlled almost all of Sicily and had laid siege to Syracuse itself.

1-3-3.第三次西西里战争

公元前315年，阿加托克利斯，叙拉古的僭主（行政总监），占领了墨西尼城（今墨西拿）。公元前311年他入侵了西西里岛迦太基控制的最后地区，打破了当时的和平条约，并围攻阿格里真托。

哈米尔卡【见注1】，汉诺大帝【见注2】的孙子，领导迦太基反抗并取得了巨大的成功。到公元前310年，他几乎控制了西西里岛全境，并开始围攻叙拉古城。

 

【注1】此人与前文所提“哈米尔卡”并非同一人。

【注2】汉诺大帝：此处指迦太基的领导人汉诺一世，他生活在公元前4世纪

 

In desperation, Agathocles secretly led an expedition of 14,000 men to the mainland, hoping to save his rule by leading a counterstrike against Carthage itself. In this, he was successful: Carthage was forced to recall Hamilcar and most of his army from Sicily to face the new and unexpected threat. Although Agathocles's army was eventually defeated in 307 BC, Agathocles himself escaped back to Sicily and was able to negotiate a peace which maintained Syracuse as a stronghold of Greek power in Sicily.

无奈之下，阿加托克利斯秘密带领14000人的远征军来到迦太基本土，希望通过发动对迦太基本土的反击来维护他的统治。在这一步上，他是成功的：迦太基被迫从西西里岛召回哈米尔卡和他的大部分军队用以面对新的和意想不到的威胁。尽管阿加托克利斯的军队最终在公元前307年被击败，阿加托克利斯本人逃回了西西里岛，但也确保了西西里岛能以叙拉古作为希腊势力代表这一条件下的和平。

 

1-4.Pyrrhic War

Between 280 and 275 BC, Pyrrhus of Epirus waged two major campaigns in the western Mediterranean: one against the emerging power of the Roman Republic in southern Italy, the other against Carthage in Sicily.

Pyrrhus sent an advance guard to Tarentum under the command of Cineaus with 3,000 infantry. Pyrrhus marched the main army across the Greek peninsula and engaged in battles with the Thessalians and the Athenian army. After his early success on the march Pyrrhus entered Tarentum to rejoin with his advance guard.

1-4.皮洛士战争

在公元前280到前275年间，伊庇鲁斯【见注1】的皮洛士王在西地中海地区发动了两大战役：一是抗击意大利南部名为罗马共和国的新兴力量，二是攻打西西里岛的迦太基势力。

皮洛士派出由Cineaus指挥下的3000步兵作为先锋部队前往Tarentum【见注2】。皮洛士带领的主力军穿过希腊半岛胶着于与塞萨利人【见注3】和雅典军队的战斗。在3月的胜利后皮洛士来到Tarentum，与他的先头部队回合。

 

【注1】伊庇鲁斯：位于今希腊半岛西北部，西临伊奥尼亚海。

【注2】Tarentum：今名Taranto（多拉多），亚平宁半岛东南部港口城市。

【注3】塞萨利：位于今希腊半岛中部，位于伊庇鲁斯以东，以马匹和骑兵而出名。

 

In the midst of Pyrrhus's Italian campaigns, he received envoys from the Sicilian cities of Agrigentum, Syracuse, and Leontini, asking for military aid to remove the Carthaginian dominance over that island. Pyrrhus agreed, and fortified the Sicilian cities with an army of 20,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry and 20 war elephants, supported by some 200 ships. Initially, Pyrrhus's Sicilian campaign against Carthage was a success, pushing back the Carthaginian forces, and capturing the city-fortress of Eryx, even though he was not able to capture Lilybaeum.

在皮洛士的意大利战役中，他收到了来自西西里城市阿格里真托，叙拉古和Leontini【见注1】的信件，这些城市请求军事援助以推翻迦太基在岛上的统治。皮洛士同意了，带领由20000步兵、3000骑兵、20头战象以及200艘左右的舰船组成的军队增援西西里诸城。最初，皮洛士攻打迦太基的西西里战争取得了胜利，迦太基军最终撤退，皮洛士占领了Eryx要塞【见注2】，虽然他最后没能占领马尔萨拉【见注3】。

 

【注1】Leontini：今名Lentini（伦蒂尼），西西里岛东南岸城市，始建于公元前729年.

【注2】Eryx：今名Erice（埃里切），西西里岛西北岸城市，希腊传说中该城的国王与此城同名为Eryx，是波塞冬之子。然而有趣的是，此城并非希腊殖民地，而是由腓尼基人建造。

【注3】马尔萨拉：西西里岛西岸城市，Lilybaeum为其拉丁名，此城为公元前397年腓尼基城邦墨提亚陷落后出逃的幸存者所建立。