天国养老院

千桐:

跟二草达成交易，把以前的东西又翻出来了

以及货币那里真是要弄死我【……】

建议看英文

 

目录在此

 

Lydia in Greek mythology

希腊神话中的吕底亚

Lydian mythology is virtually unknown, and their literature and rituals lost due to the absence of any monuments or archaeological finds with extensive inscriptions; therefore, myths involving Lydia are mainly from Greek mythology.

吕底亚的神话几乎是不为人知的，他们的文学著作以及宗教仪式由于在考古发现中缺少广泛铭文而缺失。因此，关于吕底亚的神话主要来自于希腊神话。

For the Greeks, Tantalus was a primordial ruler of mythic Lydia, and Niobe his proud daughter; her husband Amphion associated Lydia with Thebes in Greece, and through Pelops the line of Tantalus was part of the founding myths of Mycenae's second dynasty. (In reference to the myth of Bellerophon, Karl Kerenyi remarked, in The Heroes of The Greeks 1959, p. 83. "As Lykia was thus connected with Crete, and as the person of Pelops, the hero of Olympia, connected Lydia with the Peloponnesos, so Bellerophontes connected another Asian country, or rather two, Lykia and Karia, with the kingdom of Argos".)

在希腊人看来，神话中坦塔罗斯是吕底亚原始的统治者，尼俄伯是他光荣的女儿；她的丈夫安菲翁使吕底亚与希腊的底比斯结成同盟，并经历了珀罗普斯继下坦塔罗斯王位的过程，这是迈锡尼第二王朝神话的起源。（在关于柏勒罗丰的神话里，Karl Kerenyi在1959出版的《希腊英雄》，P83中评论到，“由于吕基亚与克里特之间的联系，以及那些作为珀罗普斯的子民，奥林匹亚的英雄，把吕底亚伯罗奔尼撒联系在了一起，因此说明在阿尔戈斯王国中，柏勒罗丰同样与其他的一个亚洲国家有相关联系，确切的说是两个，吕底亚与卡里亚。”）

In Greek myth, Lydia had also adopted the double-axe symbol, that also appears in the Mycenaean civilization, the labrys.[10] Omphale, daughter of the river Iardanos, was a ruler of Lydia, whom Heracles was required to serve for a time. His adventures in Lydia are the adventures of a Greek hero in a peripheral and foreign land: during his stay, Heracles enslaved the Itones; killed Syleus, who forced passers-by to hoe his vineyard; slew the serpent of the river Sangarios (which appears in the heavens as the constellation Ophiucus)[11] and captured the simian tricksters, the Cercopes. Accounts tell of at least one son born to Omphale and Heracles: Diodorus Siculus (4.31.8) and Ovid (Heroides 9.54) mention a son Lamos, while pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheke 2.7.8) gives the name Agelaus, and Pausanias (2.21.3) names Tyrsenus son of Heracles by "the Lydian woman."

在希腊神话中，吕底亚使用双头斧作为象征，而这种象征在迈锡尼文化中也出现过，即拉布律斯。伊尔达奴斯之女翁法勒，吕底亚的统治者，赫拉克勒斯曾为她服役过一段时间。他在吕底亚的经历是关于一个希腊英雄在周边地区与国外的冒险经历：在他逗留其间，赫拉克勒斯奴役了伊托涅斯人，杀死了强迫行人去他的葡萄园工作的绪琉斯；杀死在桑加里乌斯河里的蛇（以蛇夫座出现在天空中）与抓住了后被变成猴子的刻尔柯柏斯兄弟。根据记载来看，翁法勒与赫拉克勒斯至少生有一个儿子：西西里的狄奥多罗斯（4.31.8）与奥维德（女杰传 9.54）有提到的子嗣拉摩斯，伪阿波罗多洛斯（书库 2.7.8）则给了阿革拉俄斯的名字，而保塞尼亚斯（2.21.3）说“一个吕底亚女人”称呼赫拉克勒斯的儿子为提尔西诺斯。

All three heroic ancestors indicate a Lydian dynasty claiming Heracles as their ancestor. Herodotus (1.7) refers to a Heraclid dynasty of kings who ruled Lydia, yet were perhaps not descended from Omphale. He also mentions (1.94) the recurring legend that the Etruscan civilization was founded by colonists from Lydia led by Tyrrhenus, brother of Lydus. Dionysius of Halicarnassus was skeptical of this story, indicating that the Etruscan language and customs were known to be totally dissimilar to those of the Lydians. Later chronologists ignored Herodotus' statement that Agron was the first Heraclid to be a king, and included his immediate forefathers Alcaeus, Belus and Ninus in their list of kings of Lydia. Strabo (5.2.2) has Atys, father of Lydus and Tyrrhenus, as a descendant of Heracles and Omphale but that contradicts virtually all other accounts which name Atys, Lydus and Tyrrhenus among the pre-Heraclid kings and princes of Lydia. The gold deposits in the river Pactolus that were the source of the proverbial wealth of Croesus (Lydia's last king) were said to have been left there when the legendary king Midas of Phrygia washed away the "Midas touch" in its waters. In Euripides' tragedy The Bacchae, Dionysus, while he is maintaining his human disguise, declares his country to be Lydia.[12]

这三位英雄的身世都能表明吕底亚王朝在声称赫拉克勒斯是他们的先祖。希罗多德（1.7）指出吕底亚的统治权是在赫拉克勒斯族裔手中，但他们也许并不是翁法勒的后裔。他还提到（1.94）一个反复出现的传说，即伊特鲁里亚文明是由吕都斯的兄弟第勒赛努斯率领的吕底亚殖民者建立的。哈利卡纳苏斯的狄奥尼修斯却对这个故事保持怀疑态度，表明伊特鲁里亚人的语言和习俗与吕底亚人完全不同。之后的年代学家忽视了希罗多德认为阿格隆为赫拉克勒斯族裔第一个国王的说法，并把他的直系先祖阿尔凯乌斯、贝努斯和尼努斯列入吕底亚国王的名单中。斯特雷波（5.2.2）有提到过吕都斯与第勒赛努斯的父亲阿提斯，说他是赫拉克勒斯与翁法勒的后裔，但这却与之前那些其他关于阿提斯、吕都斯与第勒赛努斯的记载互相矛盾。传说中克洛伊索斯（吕底亚末代国王）的财富来自于帕克托勒斯河流中的金沙，据传言，弗里吉亚的国王迈达斯便是在这条河流中洗去了他“点石成金”的能力。在欧里庇得斯的悲剧《酒神的伴侣》中，狄奥尼索斯在扮做人类时总是宣称他的城市是吕底亚。

 

First coinage
最早的货币

According to Herodotus, the Lydians were the first people to use gold and silver coins and the first to establish retail shops in permanent locations.[13] It is not known, however, whether Herodotus meant that the Lydians were the first to use coins of pure gold and pure silver or the first precious metal coins in general. Despite this ambiguity, this statement of Herodotus is one of the pieces of evidence most often cited on behalf of the argument that Lydians invented coinage, at least in the West, even though the first coins were neither gold nor silver but an alloy of the two called electrum.[14]

据希罗多德所说，吕底亚人是最早使用金银货币的民族，也是最早在永久性地点开设零售店的民族。然而，希罗多德的意思究竟是说吕底亚人首先使用纯金和纯银的硬币，还是首先使用一般的贵重金属硬币，我们不得而知。尽管希罗多德的这个说法模棱两可，但它仍然是最常被引用的证据之一，至少这对于西方而言，它代表了一种观点，即吕底亚人最早铸造了货币，尽管最初的硬币既不是金也不是银，而是两种货币的合金，叫做琥珀金。

The dating of these first stamped coins is one of the most frequently debated topics of ancient numismatics,[15] with dates ranging from 700 BCE to 550 BCE, but the most common opinion is that they were minted at or near the beginning of the reign of King Alyattes (sometimes referred to incorrectly as Alyattes II), who ruled Lydia c. 610-560 BCE[16].[17] The first coins were made of electrum, an alloy of gold and silver that occurs naturally but that was further debased by the Lydians with added silver and copper.[18]

这些最早的印章硬币的诞生年份是古代钱币学中时常争论的话题之一，时间一般在公元前700到前500年，不过最普遍的看法是，他们是在阿尔杜斯（有时被称为阿尔杜斯二世）统治吕底亚初期或者临近时铸造而成的，于公元前610-前560年。最早的硬币是由琥珀金做成的，它是一种自然形成的金与银的合金，但由于吕底亚人又在其中添加了银和铜，这种合金被进一步贬值。

The largest of these coins are commonly referred to as a 1/3 stater (trite) denomination, weighing around 4.7 grams, though no full staters of this type have ever been found, and the 1/3 stater probably should be referred to more correctly as a stater, after a type of a transversely held scale, the weights used in such a scale (from ancient Greek ίστημι=to stand), which also means "standard."[19] These coins were stamped with a lion's head adorned with what is likely a sunburst, which was the king's symbol.[20] The most prolific mint for early electrum coins was Sardis which produced large quantities of the lion head thirds, sixths and twelfths along with lion paw fractions.[21] To complement the largest denomination, fractions were made, including a hekte (sixth), hemihekte (twelfth), and so forth down to a 96th, with the 1/96 stater weighing only about 0.15 grams. There is disagreement, however, over whether the fractions below the twelfth are actually Lydian.[22] It took some time before ancient coins were used for commerce and trade. Even the smallest-denomination electrum coins, perhaps worth about a day's subsistence, would have been too valuable for buying a loaf of bread.[23]

这些硬币最大的通常为1/3斯塔特尔（旧的）的面值，重约4.7克，虽然全部的斯塔特尔没有被人们所发现，不过1/3斯塔特尔应该更准确的被称为一个度量位，在一种横向保持的刻度之后，使用这种刻度的重量（(from ancient Greek ίστημι=to stand），这也意味着“标准”。这些硬币上印有狮子头，上面还带有类阳光的花纹，这为国王的象征。最早产出这类琥珀金硬币的是萨迪斯，上面为狮子头的三分之一，六分之一与十二分之一，连同狮子爪的部分。这是为了补充最大的面额，从中进行分割，包括hekte（六分之一），hemihekte（十二分之一）等等，直至分到第九十六，1/96斯塔特尔重量仅仅只有0.15克。然而，对于第十二分式以下的分数是否实际上是属于吕底亚人的仍然存有分歧。古代硬币被用于商业与贸易需要花费一段时间。即使是面值最小的琥珀金硬币，可能也能维持一天的生计，这对于只购买一条面包来说又太昂贵了。

The first coins to be used for retailing on a large-scale basis were likely small silver fractions, Hemiobol, Ancient Greek coinage minted by the Ionian Greeks in the late sixth century BCE.[24]

第一批用于大规模零售的硬币很可能是公元前6世纪末由爱奥尼亚的希腊人所制作的面值为1/2奥波币的小型银币。

Alyattes' son was Croesus, who became associated with great wealth. Sardis was renowned as a beautiful city. Around 550 BCE, near the beginning of his reign, Croesus paid for the construction of the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, which became one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. Croesus was defeated in battle by Cyrus II of Persia in 546 BCE, with the Lydian kingdom losing its autonomy and becoming a Persian satrapy.

阿尔杜斯之子克洛伊索斯同他巨大的财富紧紧联系在一起。萨迪斯则以它的美丽闻名于世。公元前550年左右，在他统治的初期，克洛伊索斯出资在以弗所建造阿耳忒弥斯神庙，后为古代世界七大奇观之一。公元前546年，克洛伊索斯被波斯的居鲁士二世打败，由此吕底亚失去了自治权，成为了波斯的辖地。